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Development of C- C and C- S Coupling Reactions by Using Iron, Copper and Palladium Nanocatalysts in Greener Media

Since its discovery in the early 1970s, the Heck reaction has been applied to a diverse array of fields, ranging from natural products synthesis to materials science as well to bioorganic chemistry. This powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming process has been practiced on an industrial production of fine chemicals, such as octyl methoxycinnamate. This kind of reaction possesses several advantages in comparison to the most classical organic methods, including their excellent functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, less waste, and sometimes fewer steps than the original stoichiometric routes. In the past decade, new generations of homogeneous catalysts such as palladacycles, Pincer-ligands, and more recently bulky electron-rich ligands have extended the scope of the reaction to all aromatic halides, even the poorly reactive aryl chlorides. In general, homogeneous catalysis suffers from several shortcomings, such as: the ligands are required to form the active catalyst, the ligands may be expensive or not commercially be available in bulk; furthermore, removal of residual ligand or palladium provides a challenging task for chemists in the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the palladium to a level that satisfies specifications required by regulators .Therefore, many efforts have been made to immobilize the palladium complexes or palladium nanoparticles on various supports. Silica gel has emerged as robust, readily available, and high surface area heterogeneous catalyst support. In particular, much attention has been focused on ligand functionalization, since ligands are well known to stabilize nanoparticles against aggregation without disturbing their desirable properties and are also recognized to increase their catalytic activities. In this regard, several nonporous and porous silica supports have been used for Heck reaction.

University Research

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Development of C- C and C- S Coupling Reactions by Using Iron, Copper and Palladium Nanocatalysts in Greener Media | Prof. Abdolreza Hajipour

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